Are emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors the missing links between psychological distress and greater body weight?
Identifieur interne : 000A26 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000A25; suivant : 000A27Are emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors the missing links between psychological distress and greater body weight?
Auteurs : L. Bourdier [France] ; M. Orri [France] ; A. Carre [France] ; A N Gearhardt [États-Unis] ; L. Romo [France] ; C. Dantzer [France] ; S. Berthoz [France]Source :
- Appetite [ 1095-8304 ] ; 2018.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adulte (MeSH), Comportement en matière de santé (MeSH), Comportement toxicomaniaque (complications), Consommation alimentaire (psychologie), Dépression (diétothérapie), Dépression (psychologie), Enquêtes et questionnaires (MeSH), Facteurs socioéconomiques (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Indice de masse corporelle (MeSH), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Obésité (psychologie), Obésité (étiologie), Poids (MeSH), Stress psychologique (complications), Stress psychologique (psychologie), Surpoids (psychologie), Surpoids (étiologie), Troubles de l'alimentation (psychologie), Émotions (MeSH), Études transversales (MeSH), Étudiants (MeSH).
- MESH :
- diétothérapie : Dépression.
- psychologie : Consommation alimentaire, Dépression, Obésité, Stress psychologique, Surpoids, Troubles de l'alimentation.
- étiologie : Obésité, Surpoids.
- complications : Adolescent, Adulte, Comportement en matière de santé, Comportement toxicomaniaque, Enquêtes et questionnaires, Facteurs socioéconomiques, Femelle, Humains, Indice de masse corporelle, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Poids, Stress psychologique, Émotions, Études transversales, Étudiants.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Behavior, Addictive (complications), Body Mass Index (MeSH), Body Weight (MeSH), Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH), Depression (diet therapy), Depression (psychology), Eating (psychology), Emotions (MeSH), Feeding and Eating Disorders (psychology), Female (MeSH), Health Behavior (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Obesity (etiology), Obesity (psychology), Overweight (etiology), Overweight (psychology), Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH), Stress, Psychological (complications), Stress, Psychological (psychology), Students (MeSH), Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- complications : Behavior, Addictive, Stress, Psychological.
- diet therapy : Depression.
- etiology : Obesity, Overweight.
- psychology : Depression, Eating, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Obesity, Overweight, Stress, Psychological.
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Female, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult.
Abstract
There is now a large body of evidence suggesting a significant association between emotional discomfort management, disordered eating behaviors and weight status. In the field of overweight and obesity, emotionally driven eating habits that resemble addictive behaviors are considered as a risk factor. This study aimed to investigate in a large sample of French university students 1) the associations between self-reported levels of psychological distress (PD), emotional eating (EE), food addiction (FA) and Body Mass Index (BMI); and 2) the potential mediation effect of eating behaviors (EE and FA) between PD and BMI. The responses of 1051 students (76.3% females) to self-reports assessing PD (Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), EE (Intuitive Eating Scale-2) and FA (modified Yale Food Addiction Scale) were analysed. Associations between variables (Spearman correlation) and group comparisons by sex and BMI categories (Student's t tests/ANOVA) were tested, followed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by sex. Among females and males, EE and FA scores were positively inter-related and correlated with PD scores and BMI. Moreover, among females and males, SEM showed that both EE and FA acts as mediators between PD and BMI. Hence, among educated young adults, using food consumption for down-regulating negative mood places the individual at risk for overweight and obesity. This study further emphasizes the necessity to take into account emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors in interventions for promoting healthy eating and weight management.
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.013
PubMed: 29030085
Affiliations:
- France, États-Unis
- Aquitaine, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Michigan, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Rhône-Alpes, Île-de-France
- Bordeaux, Chambéry, Nanterre, Paris, Villejuif
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Bourdier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France. Electronic address: bourdier.lena@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Nanterre</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orri, M" sort="Orri, M" uniqKey="Orri M" first="M" last="Orri">M. Orri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Villejuif</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carre, A" sort="Carre, A" uniqKey="Carre A" first="A" last="Carre">A. Carre</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, F-73000, Chambéry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Univ. 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Berthoz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France; Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France; Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Appetite</title><idno type="eISSN">1095-8304</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Behavior, Addictive (complications)</term><term>Body Mass Index (MeSH)</term><term>Body Weight (MeSH)</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Depression (diet therapy)</term><term>Depression (psychology)</term><term>Eating (psychology)</term><term>Emotions (MeSH)</term><term>Feeding and Eating Disorders (psychology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Health Behavior (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Obesity (etiology)</term><term>Obesity (psychology)</term><term>Overweight (etiology)</term><term>Overweight (psychology)</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Stress, Psychological (complications)</term><term>Stress, Psychological (psychology)</term><term>Students (MeSH)</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Comportement en matière de santé (MeSH)</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (complications)</term><term>Consommation alimentaire (psychologie)</term><term>Dépression (diétothérapie)</term><term>Dépression (psychologie)</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires (MeSH)</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Indice de masse corporelle (MeSH)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Obésité (psychologie)</term><term>Obésité (étiologie)</term><term>Poids (MeSH)</term><term>Stress psychologique (complications)</term><term>Stress psychologique (psychologie)</term><term>Surpoids (psychologie)</term><term>Surpoids (étiologie)</term><term>Troubles de l'alimentation (psychologie)</term><term>Émotions (MeSH)</term><term>Études transversales (MeSH)</term><term>Étudiants (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Behavior, Addictive</term><term>Stress, Psychological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diet therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Depression</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diétothérapie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dépression</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Obesity</term><term>Overweight</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Consommation alimentaire</term><term>Dépression</term><term>Obésité</term><term>Stress psychologique</term><term>Surpoids</term><term>Troubles de l'alimentation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Depression</term><term>Eating</term><term>Feeding and Eating Disorders</term><term>Obesity</term><term>Overweight</term><term>Stress, Psychological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Obésité</term><term>Surpoids</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Body Mass Index</term><term>Body Weight</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term><term>Emotions</term><term>Female</term><term>Health Behavior</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Students</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Comportement en matière de santé</term><term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Facteurs socioéconomiques</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Indice de masse corporelle</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Poids</term><term>Stress psychologique</term><term>Émotions</term><term>Études transversales</term><term>Étudiants</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There is now a large body of evidence suggesting a significant association between emotional discomfort management, disordered eating behaviors and weight status. In the field of overweight and obesity, emotionally driven eating habits that resemble addictive behaviors are considered as a risk factor. This study aimed to investigate in a large sample of French university students 1) the associations between self-reported levels of psychological distress (PD), emotional eating (EE), food addiction (FA) and Body Mass Index (BMI); and 2) the potential mediation effect of eating behaviors (EE and FA) between PD and BMI. The responses of 1051 students (76.3% females) to self-reports assessing PD (Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), EE (Intuitive Eating Scale-2) and FA (modified Yale Food Addiction Scale) were analysed. Associations between variables (Spearman correlation) and group comparisons by sex and BMI categories (Student's t tests/ANOVA) were tested, followed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by sex. Among females and males, EE and FA scores were positively inter-related and correlated with PD scores and BMI. Moreover, among females and males, SEM showed that both EE and FA acts as mediators between PD and BMI. Hence, among educated young adults, using food consumption for down-regulating negative mood places the individual at risk for overweight and obesity. This study further emphasizes the necessity to take into account emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors in interventions for promoting healthy eating and weight management.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29030085</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2018</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>12</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>12</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1095-8304</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>120</Volume><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Appetite</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Appetite</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Are emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors the missing links between psychological distress and greater body weight?</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>536-546</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0195-6663(17)30450-6</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.013</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>There is now a large body of evidence suggesting a significant association between emotional discomfort management, disordered eating behaviors and weight status. In the field of overweight and obesity, emotionally driven eating habits that resemble addictive behaviors are considered as a risk factor. This study aimed to investigate in a large sample of French university students 1) the associations between self-reported levels of psychological distress (PD), emotional eating (EE), food addiction (FA) and Body Mass Index (BMI); and 2) the potential mediation effect of eating behaviors (EE and FA) between PD and BMI. The responses of 1051 students (76.3% females) to self-reports assessing PD (Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), EE (Intuitive Eating Scale-2) and FA (modified Yale Food Addiction Scale) were analysed. Associations between variables (Spearman correlation) and group comparisons by sex and BMI categories (Student's t tests/ANOVA) were tested, followed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by sex. Among females and males, EE and FA scores were positively inter-related and correlated with PD scores and BMI. Moreover, among females and males, SEM showed that both EE and FA acts as mediators between PD and BMI. Hence, among educated young adults, using food consumption for down-regulating negative mood places the individual at risk for overweight and obesity. This study further emphasizes the necessity to take into account emotionally driven and addictive-like eating behaviors in interventions for promoting healthy eating and weight management.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bourdier</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France. Electronic address: bourdier.lena@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Orri</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carre</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, F-73000, Chambéry, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gearhardt</LastName><ForeName>A N</ForeName><Initials>AN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Romo</LastName><ForeName>L</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>EA4430 CLIPSYD, University Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France; INSERM U894 CPN, CMME Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, 75014, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dantzer</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Berthoz</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CESP, INSERM, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France; Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Appetite</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8006808</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0195-6663</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016739" MajorTopicYN="Y">Behavior, Addictive</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015992" MajorTopicYN="N">Body Mass Index</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001835" MajorTopicYN="Y">Body Weight</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003430" MajorTopicYN="N">Cross-Sectional Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003863" MajorTopicYN="N">Depression</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000178" MajorTopicYN="N">diet therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004435" MajorTopicYN="N">Eating</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004644" MajorTopicYN="Y">Emotions</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001068" MajorTopicYN="N">Feeding and Eating Disorders</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015438" MajorTopicYN="Y">Health Behavior</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009765" MajorTopicYN="N">Obesity</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D050177" MajorTopicYN="N">Overweight</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012959" MajorTopicYN="N">Socioeconomic Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013315" MajorTopicYN="N">Stress, Psychological</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013334" MajorTopicYN="N">Students</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011795" MajorTopicYN="N">Surveys and Questionnaires</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">BMI</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Emotional eating</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Food addiction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Mediation</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Sex differences</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Students</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>20</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2018</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29030085</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0195-6663(17)30450-6</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.013</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Chambéry</li><li>Nanterre</li><li>Paris</li><li>Villejuif</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Bourdier, L" sort="Bourdier, L" uniqKey="Bourdier L" first="L" last="Bourdier">L. Bourdier</name></region><name sortKey="Berthoz, S" sort="Berthoz, S" uniqKey="Berthoz S" first="S" last="Berthoz">S. Berthoz</name><name sortKey="Carre, A" sort="Carre, A" uniqKey="Carre A" first="A" last="Carre">A. Carre</name><name sortKey="Dantzer, C" sort="Dantzer, C" uniqKey="Dantzer C" first="C" last="Dantzer">C. Dantzer</name><name sortKey="Orri, M" sort="Orri, M" uniqKey="Orri M" first="M" last="Orri">M. Orri</name><name sortKey="Romo, L" sort="Romo, L" uniqKey="Romo L" first="L" last="Romo">L. Romo</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Michigan"><name sortKey="Gearhardt, A N" sort="Gearhardt, A N" uniqKey="Gearhardt A" first="A N" last="Gearhardt">A N Gearhardt</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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